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-
- CONSTITUTION
- OF THE
- STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
-
- PREAMBLE
-
- WE, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful
- to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious
- liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and
- establish this Constitution.
-
- ARTICLE I
-
- DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
-
- That the general, great and essential principles of liberty
- and free government may be recognized and unalterably estab-
- lished, WE DECLARE THAT:
-
- Sec. 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have cer-
- tain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those
- of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring,
- possessing and protecting property and reputation, and of
- pursuing their own happiness.
-
- Sec. 2. All power is inherent in the people, and all free govern-
- ments are founded on their authority and instituted for
- their peace, safety and happiness. For the advancement of
- these ends they have at all times an inalienable and in-
- defeasible right to alter, reform or abolish their govern-
- ment in such manner as they may think proper.
-
- Sec. 3. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship
- Almighty God according to the dictates of their own con-
- sciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect
- or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry
- against his consent; no human authority can, in any case
- whatever, control or interfere with the rights of consci-
- ence, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any
- religious establishment or modes of worship.
-
- Sec. 4. No person who acknowledges the being of a God and a future
- state of rewards and punishments shall, on account of his
- religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office or
- place of trust or profit under this Commonwealth.
-
- Sec. 5. Elections shall be free and equal; and no power, civil or
- military, shall at any time interfere to prevent the free
- exercise of the right of suffrage.
-
- Sec. 6. Trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right thereof
- remain inviolate. The General Assembly may provide, however,
- by law, that a verdict may be rendered by not less than
- five/sixths of the jury in any civil case.
-
- Sec. 7. The printing press shall be free to every person who may
- undertake to examine the proceedings of the Legislature or
- any branch of government, and no law shall ever be made to
- restrain the right thereof. The free communication of
- thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of
- man, and every citizen may freely speak, write and print on
- any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that lib-
- erty. No conviction shall be had in any prosecution for the
- publication of papers relating to official conduct of offi-
- cers or men in public capacity, or to any other matter pro-
- per for public investigation or information, where the fact
- that such publication was not maliciously or negligently
- made shall be established to the satisfaction of the jury;
- and in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the
- right to determine the law and the facts, under the
- direction of the court, as in other cases.
-
- Sec. 8. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers
- and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures, and
- no warrant to search any place or to seize any person or
- things shall issue without describing them as nearly as may
- be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirm-
- ation subscribed to by the affiant.
-
- Sec. 9. In all criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right to be
- heard by himself and his counsel, to demand the nature and
- cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses
- face to face, to have compulsory process for obtaining
- witnesses in his favor, and, in prosecutions by indictment
- or information, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury
- of the vicinage; he cannot be compelled to give evidence
- against himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liberty
- or property, unless by the judgement of his peers or the law
- of the land.
-
- Sec. 10. Except as hereinafter provided no person shall, for any in-
- dictable offense, be proceeded against criminally by inform-
- ation, except in cases arising in the land and naval forces,
- or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or
- public danger, or by leave of the court for oppression or
- misdemeanor in office. Each of the several courts of common
- pleas may, with the approval of the Supreme Court, provide
- for the initiation of criminal proceedings therein by in-
- formation filed in the manner provided by law. No person
- shall, for the same offence, be twice put in jeopardy of
- life or limb; nor shall private property be taken or applied
- to public use, without authority of law and without just
- compensation being first made or secured.
-
- Sec. 11. All courts shall be open; and every man for an injury done
- him in his lands, goods, person or reputation shall have
- remedy by due course of law, and right and justice admin-
- istered without sale, denial or delay. Suits may be brought
- against the Commonwealth in such manner, in such courts and
- in such cases as the Legislature may by law direct.
-
- Sec. 12. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the
- Legislature or by its authority.
-
- Sec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
- imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.
-
- Sec. 14. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, un-
- less for capital offenses when the proof is evident or pre-
- sumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas cor-
- pus shall not be suspended, unless when in case of rebellion
- or invasion the public safety may require it.
-
- Sec. 15. No commission shall issue creating special temporary crimi-
- nal tribunals to try particular individuals or particular
- classes of cases.
-
- Sec. 16. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presump-
- tion of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after deliv-
- ering up his estate for the benefit of his creditors in such
- manner as shall be prescribed by law.
-
- Sec. 17. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation
- of contracts, or making irrevocable any grant of special
- privileges or immunities, shall be passed.
-
- Sec. 18. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the
- Legislature.
-
- Sec. 19. No attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor, except
- during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to
- the Commonwealth.
-
- Sec. 20. The citizens have a right in a peaceable manner to assemble
- together for their common good, and to apply to those in-
- vested with the powers of government for redress of griev-
- ances or other proper purposes, by petition, address or re-
- monstrance.
-
- Sec. 21. The right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of them-
- selves and the State shall not be questioned.
-
- Sec. 22. No standing army shall, in time of peace, be kept up without
- the consent of the Legislature, and the military shall in
- all cases and at all times be in strict subordination to the
- civil power.
-
- Sec. 23. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house
- without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in
- a manner to be prescribed by law.
-
- Sec. 24. The Legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or
- hereditary distinction, nor create any office the appoint-
- ment to which shall be for a longer term than during good
- behavior.
-
- Sec. 25. To guard against transgressions of the high powers which we
- have delegated, we declare that everything in this article
- is excepted out of the general powers of government and
- shall forever remain inviolate.
-
- Sec. 26. Neither the Commonwealth nor any political subdivision
- thereof shall deny to any person the enjoyment of any civ-
- il right, nor discriminate against any person in the exer-
- cise of any civil right.
-
- Sec. 27. The people have a right to clean air, pure water, and to the
- preservation of the natural, scenic, historic and esthetic
- values of the environment. Pennsylvania's public natural
- resources are the common property of all the people, includ-
- ing generations yet to come. As trustee of these resources,
- the Commonwealth shall conserve and maintain them for the
- benefit of all the people.
-
- Sec. 28. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or
- abridged in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania because of the
- sex of the individual.
-
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